Representation of Geographical Features

What this chapter covers

1. Contours

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   • Topographical MapLarge-scale map from actual field survey.
   • Methods of RepresentationContours, hachures, hill shading, benchmarks.
   • Contour LinesJoin places at the same height.
   • Contour IntervalHeight difference between consecutive contours.
   • Index ContourThick brown line every 100 m.
   • Spot HeightHeight of one ground point.
   • What Contours ShowElevation, shape and steepness of land.
   • Salient FeaturesNever broken; merge only at cliffs.

2. Identifying Landforms Through Contours

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   • Types of SlopesClose contours steep, wide ones gentle.
   • Landform TypesConical hills shown by circular contours.

3. Settlements

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   • Overview and Growth of SettlementsHuman dwellings and where they develop.
   • Types of SettlementsTemporary or permanent, by time occupied.
   • Settlement PatternsShape of settlement seen from above.

4. Interpretation and Analysis of a Topo-Sheet

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   • Locating Features on a Topo-SheetGrid references using eastings and northings.
   • Interpreting Topo-SheetsMarginal information and relief features.
   • Conventional Signs and SymbolsStandard symbols for buildings, roads, water.

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