Heat Transfer

What this chapter covers

1. Effects of Heat

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   • Molecular Basis of HeatMolecules have kinetic and potential energy.
   • Change in TemperatureHeating raises average molecular kinetic energy.
   • Change in StateState changes at constant temperature.
   • Change in SizeBodies expand on heating, contract cooling.

2. Evaporation and Boiling

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   • EvaporationSurface change to vapour, any temperature.
   • BoilingThroughout the liquid at boiling point.
   • Difference Between Evaporation and BoilingTemperature and where each one happens.

3. Thermal Expansion

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   • Thermal Expansion in SolidsLinear, superficial and cubical expansion.
   • Linear ExpansionIncrease in length on heating.
   • Superficial ExpansionIncrease in area on heating.
   • Cubical Expansion of SolidsIncrease in volume on heating.
   • Applications of Thermal Expansion in SolidsBridge rollers and gaps between rails.
   • Thermal Expansion in LiquidsOnly cubical; water expands anomalously.
   • Thermal Expansion in GasesOnly cubical; expand the most.
   • Variation of Density with TemperatureHeating usually increases volume, lowering density.

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