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Electricity

How electricity reaches and is used safely in our homes, and how static charges build up — from rubbed amber to lightning.

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What this chapter covers

  1. Electrical Energy and Power

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    • Basics of Household ElectricityDirect current versus 50 Hz AC.
    • Energy and Power FormulasW = VIt and P = VI.
    • Transmission of PowerGenerated at 11 kV, stepped up.

  2. Supply of Power to a House

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    • Three-Wire CableLive, neutral and earth wires.
    • Connection to Distribution BoardPole fuse, kWh meter, main fuse.

  3. Safety Devices and Household Circuits

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    • Electric FuseLead–tin wire melts on excess current.
    • Miniature Circuit BreakerAutomatic switch that trips on overcurrent.
    • Household Electrical CircuitsSeries versus parallel bulb connections.
    • Earthing of AppliancesLeaked current goes safely to earth.

  4. Energy Consumption and Electrical Safety

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    • Commercial Unit of Electrical Energy1 kWh equals 3.6 × 10⁶ J.
    • Power Rating of AppliancesRating gives energy used per second.
    • Household ConsumptionWatts times hours, divided by 1000.
    • Hazards of ElectricityOverloading and poor insulation cause fires.
    • Precautions While Using ElectricityDry hands, earthing, fuses on live.

  5. Static Electricity and Charges

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    • Electrification by FrictionRubbing gives charges at rest.
    • Kinds of Electric ChargesLike charges repel, unlike charges attract.
    • Conservation of ChargeRubbing transfers electrons between bodies.

  6. Conductors, Charging Methods, and Electroscope

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    • Conductors and InsulatorsFree electrons let charge flow.
    • Charging by ConductionTouching shares the same charge.
    • Charging by InductionNear end opposite, far end same.
    • ElectroscopeDetects presence and nature of charge.

  7. Atmospheric Electricity and Lightning

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    • Atmospheric ElectricityFranklin showed thunderclouds carry charge.
    • LightningSpark between charged cloud and earth.
    • Lightning ConductorSpiked copper rod leads charge earthward.

Try a sample question

Of what material is the wire of an electric fuse generally made?

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