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The Judiciary

How India's single, unified system of courts works — from the Supreme Court and High Courts to subordinate courts, Lok Adalats and legal aid.

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What this chapter covers

  1. The Judicial System in India

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    • The Judicial SystemSingle unified, independent system of courts.
    • The Supreme CourtApex court in New Delhi.
    • Powers of the Supreme CourtOriginal jurisdiction; final court of appeal.

  2. The High Court

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    • Composition and AppointmentHighest court in each state.
    • Powers of the High CourtHears original cases and appeals.

  3. Writs

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    • Definition and PurposeWritten court command to act.
    • Habeas CorpusProduce the detained person in court.
    • MandamusCompels performance of a duty.
    • ProhibitionStops lower courts exceeding jurisdiction.
    • CertiorariMoves case records to higher court.
    • Quo WarrantoAgainst wrongful occupation of an office.

  4. Subordinate Courts and Alternative Justice

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    • Subordinate Courts and Nyaya PanchayatsCivil, criminal, revenue and village courts.
    • Lok AdalatsQuicker, cheaper justice since 1985.
    • Legal AidFree legal help for weaker sections.

Try a sample question

For what main purpose are writs issued by the Supreme Court and the High Courts?

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