Modern World Beginning

What this chapter covers

1. Periodization of History

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   • Three PeriodsAncient, Medieval and Modern periods.
   • Distinguishing CharacteristicsEach period's own political, social character.
   • PurposeBrings order, continuity and perspective.

2. A Period of Transition

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   • Transition to the Modern Age (General)Timing varies with each region's development.
   • India's Transition to the Modern AgeFrom mid-18th century, with British conquest.

3. Source Materials

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   • Primary SourcesOriginal materials from the period itself.
   • Secondary SourcesBooks and articles by historians.

4. Modern Period in Europe

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   • Decline of FeudalismFeudalism declined from the 15th century.
   • New TownsTowns grew as centres of activity.
   • Growth of TradeSteady growth in trade and commerce.
   • Individual RightsRights of individuals grew stronger.

5. The Renaissance

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   • Meaning and Origin'Rebirth' of classical learning, 1300–1600.
   • CausesTrade wealth and fall of Constantinople.
   • Features and ImpactHumanism, rationalism and spirit of inquiry.

6. Voyages of Discovery

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   • CausesTurks blocked land routes to Asia.
   • Important DiscoveriesHenry the Navigator, Diaz and others.
   • ImpactTrade grew; a middle class formed.

7. Reformation

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   • Religion in Medieval EuropeLife revolved around the Catholic Church.
   • Meaning of ReformationProtest against the Church; Protestant Movement.
   • Causes of ReformationRationalism, corrupt clergy and sold indulgences.
   • Role of Martin LutherGerman monk, professor at Wittenberg.
   • Impact of ReformationChurch split; Catholics versus Protestants.
   • Counter ReformationReform movement within the Catholic Church.
   • Rise of Nation StatesIndependent rulers free from Church control.
   • Economic DevelopmentWealth stopped draining to Rome.

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