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Transport in Plants

How water and minerals move up from the roots to the leaves, and how plants lose water as vapour, mostly through their leaves.

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What this chapter covers

  1. Conducting Tissues

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    • XylemCarries water, minerals upward to leaves.
    • PhloemTranslocates food to storage, growing parts.
    • Xylem vs PhloemCarries, direction, cells and energy compared.
    • Transport of FoodFood travels as a sucrose solution.

  2. Water Absorption by Roots

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    • Root SystemMain root, lateral roots, root hairs.
    • Root Hair StructureLong extension of one epidermal cell.
    • Speciality of Root HairsSurface area, solute concentration, semi-permeable membrane.

  3. Movement of Molecules

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    • DiffusionMolecules move high to low concentration.
    • OsmosisWater crosses a semi-permeable membrane.
    • Active TransportNeeds energy; how minerals enter roots.

  4. Ascent of Sap

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    • Root PressureContinuous root absorption pushes sap upward.
    • Capillary ForceWater rises in narrow xylem tubes.
    • Transpirational PullLeaves losing water create xylem suction.

  5. Transpiration

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    • Definition and ProcessWater vapour loss through leaf stomata.
    • Factors Affecting TranspirationSunlight, temperature, wind and humidity.
    • Importance of TranspirationCooling effect; keeps sap concentration steady.
    • Uses of Water in the PlantTransport, food production and cooling.

  6. Importance of Minerals

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    • MacronutrientsNeeded in large amounts from soil.
    • MicronutrientsNeeded in tiny amounts, still essential.

Try a sample question

In which of the following pairs are the conducting cells DEAD?

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