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Atomic Structure

What atoms are made of, how electrons are arranged in orbits, and how atoms gain or lose electrons to form ions.

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What this chapter covers

  1. Atomic Theory and History

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    • Chemistry and the AtomAtoms: fundamental building blocks of chemicals.
    • History of the AtomFrom Democritus to John Dalton.

  2. Structure of the Atom

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    • Models of the AtomExtremely tiny, nucleus far smaller still.
    • Sub-atomic ParticlesProtons, neutrons in nucleus; orbiting electrons.
    • Atomic Number, Mass Number and SymbolZ counts protons; A adds neutrons.

  3. Electronic Configuration

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    • Orbits and the 2n² RuleMaximum 2n² electrons in orbit n.
    • Atomic Diagrams of ElementsElectron arrangements for hydrogen to calcium.

  4. Valence Electrons and Noble Gases

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    • Valence ElectronsOutermost shell electrons decide the valency.
    • Noble GasesComplete duplet or octet; most stable.

  5. Atoms and Ions

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    • Ion FormationLosing or gaining electrons gives charge.
    • Ion Diagrams and PropertiesCations smaller; anions get new names.

Try a sample question

What is the maximum number of electrons that can fit into the first orbit of an atom?

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