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Endocrine Systems

How ductless endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the blood — plus adolescence, personal hygiene and managing stress.

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What this chapter covers

  1. Endocrine System and Thyroid Gland

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    • Gland Types and HormonesExocrine use ducts; endocrine are ductless.
    • Thyroid GlandSecretes thyroxine; controls metabolic rate.
    • Thyroid DisordersGoitre, cretinism, myxoedema; oversecretion effects.

  2. Adrenal Glands

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    • StructureCap-shaped over kidneys: medulla, cortex.
    • AdrenalineFight or flight emergency hormone.
    • CortisolAdapts body to heat, cold, infections.

  3. Pancreas

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    • Gland OverviewIslets of Langerhans secrete hormones.
    • InsulinLowers blood glucose; deficiency causes diabetes.
    • GlucagonOpposite of insulin; raises blood sugar.

  4. Pituitary Gland

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    • OverviewPea-sized master gland below the brain.
    • Pituitary HormonesGrowth hormone, TSH, FSH and prolactin.

  5. Adolescence

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    • Definition and Age RangeBetween childhood and adulthood, 10–19 years.
    • Physical ChangesPuberty, sex hormones, height, voice changes.
    • Psychological ChangesSelf-consciousness, depression and strong peer influence.

  6. Personal Hygiene

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    • Diet and NutritionBalanced diet; avoid stale food.
    • Lifestyle and ExerciseRegular sleep and physical exercise.
    • CleanlinessRegular bath, clean teeth, wash hands.

  7. Stress Management

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    • Understanding StressMental or emotional strain; body's response.
    • Physical and Relaxation TechniquesYoga, exercise, deep breathing, meditation.
    • Lifestyle TechniquesSleep, time management, hobbies, positive thinking.

Try a sample question

Why is the pituitary gland often called the "master gland" of the human body?

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